High Feeding Costs Limit Dive Time Essay Example for Free

High Feeding Costs Limit Dive Time Essay Despite their massive appearance, the largest whales (and also the largest predators) have shorter dive time compared to other smaller fishes. Our hypothesis is that ‘lunge-feeding’ (the whales’ feeding behavior), is energetically expensive resulting to inability to dive at lower depths and at longer time intervals. This study is aimed at determining how and why the largest whales exhibit shorter dives by examining how lunge-feeding affects their behavior and dive duration. Methods In order to determine how and why the largest whales exhibit shorter dive times compared to other fishes, we have to study how its lunge-feeding behavior affects whales’ overall behavior and their dive time limit. In gathering data, we used remote sensing techniques. In this experiment, we used the TDR â€Å"time/depth recorders† technique since it is the most applicable method considering that the subjects were not in a controlled environment. The TDRs actually recorded the oxygen level of each tagged whale. After some time, the TDRs were collected and the results were analyzed through specialized software that translates the data from the TDRs. Results showed that the whales move faster when at the ascent (or climbing) portion of the dive while it showed that whales move significantly slower during descent. Recovery time spent at the surface was also viewed as an important factor in determining the effect of lunge-feeding. Our tests showed that there is a correlation between the number of lunges and the time spent recovering at the surface. Finally, using optimality models, we were able to compare the results of the actual study to the predicted outcome. The result was a common cost for lunge dives which indicated the high energy cost during lunge dives resulting to shorter dive duration. Results and Discussion Results of this experiment showed that there is a relationship between the number of lunges and the surface recovery intervals. The TDR analysis showed that whales move faster during ascent and move significantly slower when at descent. This indicated that lunge-feeding is energetically expensive. We were able to measure the high energy cost of lunge-feeding using the remote sensing technique. Whales usually recover at the surface after each dive and the length of stay at the surface is relative to the number of lunges it makes during the dive. The more lunges the whales make during feeding, the more time it spent at the surface for recovery. The optimality models showed the relative differences between the lunging-costly model versus the no-cost model. In the lunging-costly model, observed forage depths, vertical speed, number of lunges, time spent recovering at the surface, are some of the variables that were examined to provide an outright solution. Conclusion Based on the results of this experiment, it has been found out that lunge-feeding in large whales is an energetically expensive activity. Using the TDR technique to record the energy cost of lunge, we were able to deduce that the more lunges a whale makes, the more time it spends recovering at the surface, usually regaining oxygen levels. Therefore, the high energy requirements of lunge-feeding limit the dive time and depth of dive in large whales. Reference: Acevedo-Gutierrez, A. , Croll, D. A. , and Tershy, B. R. (2002). â€Å"High Feeding Costs Limit Dive Time in the Largest Whales†. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 205, 1747-1753.

Is LEED a Worthwhile Investment for Today’s Environmentally Savvy Devel

Is LEED a Worthwhile Investment for Today’s Environmentally Savvy Developer? What is Wrong with the Environment It should not be a surprise to anyone that landfills around the world are filling up. The North American lifestyle is one to which the majority of the undeveloped world aspires. Such a lifestyle is, however, completely unsustainable, today, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, non-renewable resource consumption, and non-biodegradable waste production, let alone in the future as other countries become developed. As some of the second and third world nations such as China and India quickly jump toward production levels that match those of the developed world this epidemic is destined to worsen. Thus, many different groups have stepped in to develop plans and programs to curb the destruction of our wonderful planet. One of these programs that focus specifically on the construction industry is the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System (LEED). This program is designed to create awareness and try to decrease the environmental degradation created from c onstruction and demolition. When and How Did LEED begin? This program was designed in 1998 by a government funded organization called the United States Green Building Council. This program was created to generate incentive for environmentally friendly contractors and architects to continue pursuing the implementation of environmentally friendly building practices. Soon, that guide became the leading green construction guide in the United States. As commonly occurs when an idea gains acceptance in the American market, there soon became a demand for a Canadian version of that same guide. The American guide was adopted and aug... ...r Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Benzene, found on April 12, 2007, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mhmi/mmg3.html †¢ http://oce.ncran.gc.ca/newbuildings.cbip.cfm †¢ Canadian Green Building Council, LEED Certified Projects in Canada – Complete Listing, Retrieved April 7, 2007, http://www.cagbc.org/uploads/LEED_Certified_Projects_in_Canada_Updated_070226.p df †¢ Dauncey, Guy. LEEDing the Way; Alternatives Journal, Nov/Dec2004, Vol. 30 Issue 5 http://web.ebscohost.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/ehost/pdf?vid=5&hid=19&sid =323f957c-9796-40e2-a7cd-8a3a5bf34e6f%40sessionmgr2 †¢ Recycle Steel.com http://www.recycle-steel.org/PDFs/2005Graphs.pdf †¢ Terri Meyer Boake, Caroline Prochazka. LEED: A Primer, 2007 from Academic Search Premier †¢ Mark Gorgolewski. â€Å"The Implications of Reuse and Recycling for the Design of Steel Buildings† from Academic Search Premier

Study Habits

Sometimes a purely quantitative matter, while having the findings of lengthy, comprehensive research published by a recognized journal is also a notable academic achievement (Ansari 1983 ). When students get admission in a university, they have no idea about studies requirement. Most of them have old patterns of seeking knowledge at the beginning, they apply the same old techniques but after some time they realize that old techniques are no more effective. Gradually they started developing mature study style. Some students, when enter the higher education institution, feel free themselves from all the worries of studies which affect their studies negatively. Even they get failed in their tests or exams and there are some other poor study habits which affect the achievement of the students. These are as follow: This is a very common mistake which is made by students, and also most unavoidable from the side of students. When students enter, especially in the universities, they think of themselves free from every duty of studies. When students leave their classes, due to this, their study habits are also affected. They get used to it and lose their positions. If they want to succeed in their life, they should be punctual in their studies, attend all lectures which the teacher delivers in the class. Hostel is a place where usually travelers and students live in a supervised environment. Mostly hostels are used by the students, who come from distant places to earn their degrees. Hostel life has a great impact on the academic achievement of the students. Some students gain knowledge in proper manner but some do not. The reason is that some students do not feel comfortable in hostels and get home sick. On the other side, those students who are day scholars, they also have some problems. Some have home conflicts and other factors which influence their academic achievements. Because of these problems, they can never be able to achieve good results in their academics. Sometimes students those are living in hostels face many difficulties due to economic hardships or home sickness but still work hard and achieve good grade and sometime they deviate due to lack of proper supervision and guidance so in the case of day scholars. Present study is design to explore this mystery that whether day scholar’s students have good study habits and higher academic achievement or hostel living students have more effective study habits and higher academic achievements Statement of the Problem The problem under investigation was to explore the relationship between study habits

Summary of “the Hidden Traps in Decision Making” Essay

Yue Li MKTG544 Jaebeom Suh 17/09/2012 Summary of â€Å"The hidden traps in decision making† This article is written by John S. Hammond, Ralph L. Keeney, and Howard Raiffa in 1998. The article talks about many manager were cheated by the presentational right decision and they already fall into the traps. Many Executives likely made the right decision, in fact this is sensory misperception. There are various traps that discussed in article: the anchoring trap, the status-quo trap, the sunk-cost trap, the confirming evidence trap, the framing trap, and the estimating and forecasting traps. A decision maker who make a decision use the historical data, based†¦show more content†¦Four ways to avoid it. Listening to the people was attending the last decisions making. Finding the reason why that mistake puzzled you. Lookout for the influence of sunk cost biases. Don’t let your employee lasting their mistakes. The framing trap shows described a problem or design differe nt decision-making misleading, a design may guide other traps generated. Do not easily accept the initial design. Raise questions in different reference and direction. Throughout decision-making process. There are two basic kinds of mental energy on formation of the confirming evidence trap. One is our subconscious, another interest, likes and dislikes. The two psychological energy intensive the confirmation trap in our decision-making, so we automatically accept information confirms our subconscious ideas. The two psychological energy intensive the confirmation trap in our decision-making, so we automatically accept information confirms our subconscious ideas. Do not unthinkingly accept the arguments of their own identity. Trust your own analyze and accept information. Looking for dare speaking future solicit opinions, but is not looking for people who will go along with. 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